CLIMATE CHANGE, FLOODING, AND POPULATION DISPLACEMENT IN NIGERIA: MIGRATION PATTERNS ACROSS STATES

Abstract

Climate change-induced flooding has emerged as a critical driver of population displacement across Nigeria, affecting millions of people and disrupting livelihoods, food security, and socioeconomic stability. This literature review synthesizes evidence from studies published between 2013 and 2025, examining the patterns, impacts, and consequences of flood-induced displacement across Nigerian states. The 2012 flood disaster, which displaced over 2.1 million people across 30 states, serves as a pivotal reference point in the literature. Key findings reveal that displacement patterns are predominantly temporary rather than permanent, with affected populations often returning to flood-prone areas due to livelihood dependencies and limited alternatives. The Niger Delta states, particularly Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers alongside Lagos, Anambra, Kogi, and Akwa Ibom emerge as the most severely affected regions. Women and children are disproportionately vulnerable groups, facing heightened risks from livelihood disruptions, housing insecurity, and increased caregiving responsibilities. The review highlights significant gaps in policy responses and underscores the need for comprehensive flood management strategies that address both immediate humanitarian needs and long-term adaptation requirements.